宗派

Sects (of Buddhism). In India, according to Chinese accounts, the two schools of Hīnayāna became divided into twenty sects. Mahāyāna had two main schools, the Mādhyamika, ascribed to Nāgārjuna and Āryadeva about the second century A. D., and the Yogācārya, ascribed to Asaṅga and Vasubandhu in the fourth century A. D. In China thirteen sects were founded:

(1) [lang id =1028]倶舍宗 Abhidharma or Kośa sect, representing Hīnayāna, based upon the <Abhidharma-kosa-śāstra> or [lang id =1028]倶舍論.

(2) [lang id =1028]成實宗 Satyasiddhi sect, based on the [lang id =1028]成實論 <Satyasiddhi-śāstra>, tr. by Kumārajīva; no sect corresponds to it in India; in China and Japan it became incorporated in the [lang id =1028]三論宗.

(3) [lang id =1028]律宗 Vinaya or Discipline sect, based on [lang id =1028]十誦律, [lang id =1028]四分律, [lang id =1028]僧祗律, etc.

(4) [lang id =1028]三論宗 The three (sa) śāstra sect, based on the <Mādhyamika-śāstra> [lang id =1028]中觀論 of Nāgārjuna, the <Sata-śāstra> [lang id =1028]百論 of Āryadeva, and the <Dvādasa-nikāya-śāstra> [lang id =1028]十二門論 of Nāgārjuna; this school dates back to the translation of the three (sa) śāstras by Kumārajīva in A. D. 409.

(5) [lang id =1028]涅槃宗 Nirvāṇa sect, based upon the <Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra> [lang id =1028]涅槃經 tr. by Dharmaraksa in 423; later incorporated in Tiantai, with which it had much in common.

(6) [lang id =1028]地論宗 Daśabhūmikā sect, based on Vasubandhu's work on the ten stages of the bodhisattva's path to Buddhahood, tr. by Bodhiruci 508, absorbed by the Avataṃsaka school, infra.

(7) [lang id =1028]淨土宗 Pure-land or Sukhāvatī sect, founded in China by Bodhiruci; its doctrine was salvation through faith in Amitābha into the Western Paradise.

(8) [lang id =1028]禪宗 (sa) dhyāna, meditative or intuitional sect, attributed to Bodhidharma about A. D. 527, but it existed before he came to China.

(9) [lang id =1028]攝論宗, based upon the [lang id =1028]攝大乘論 <Mahāyāna-saṃparigraha-śāstra> by Asaṅga, tr. by Paramārtha in 563, subsequently absorbed by the Avataṃsaka sect.

(10) [lang id =1028]天台宗 Tiantai, based on the [lang id =1028]法華經 <Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra>, or the <Lotus of the Good Law>; it is a consummation of the Mādhyamika tradition.

(11) [lang id =1028]華嚴宗 Avataṃsaka sect, based on the <Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra>, or <Gandha-vyūha> [lang id =1028]華嚴經 tr. in 418.

(12) [lang id =1028]法相宗 Dharmalakṣaṇa sect, established after the return of Xuanzang from India and his trans. of the important Yogācārya works.

(13) [lang id =1028]真言宗 Mantra sect, A. D. 716. In Japan twelve sects are named: Sanron, Hossō, Kegon, Kusha, Jōjitsu, Ritsu, Tendai, Shingon; these are known as the ancient sects, the two last being styled mediaeval; there follow the Zen and Jōdo; the remaining two are Shin and Nichiren; at present there are the Hossō, Kegon, Tendai, Shingon, Zen, Jōdo, Shin, and Nichiren sects.

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宗教的支派。